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中国西部天然草地疯草概论 
定 价：210 元 丛书名：西藏自治区科技厅重大专项：西藏疯草综合防治与利用研究国家“十二五”公益性行业(农业)科研专项：草原主要毒害草发生规律与防控技术研究
9 7 5 8 5 7 6 0 4 3 9 0 3 读者对象:从事草业、植保、畜牧兽医、医药研发及有毒植物研究等科技工作者 
本书共分12章，内容包括疯草研究简史、中国西部天然草地疯草种类及分布、疯草遥感监测技术、主要疯草形态学与生物学特性、疯草成灾机制及危害、疯草营养成分和苦马豆素含量动态变化规律、疯草“五利一害”的经济意义、疯草的利用、家畜疯草中毒防治新药、天然草地羊疯草中毒病诊断标准、疯草综合防治与利用——“三·五”技术、疯草中毒家畜肉产品质量安全性评价。
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目录
第一章 疯草研究简史 1 第一节 国外疯草研究历史 1 一、第一阶段：疯草毒性灾害发现与认识 1 二、第二阶段：疯草毒素确证与认识 2 三、第三阶段：苦马豆素毒性研究 3 四、第四阶段：疯草毒素苦马豆素产毒机制研究 3 第二节 我国疯草研究历史 4 一、第一阶段：疯草类有毒植物发现与认识 4 二、第二阶段：疯草毒物学与毒理学研究 4 三、第三阶段：牲畜疯草中毒控制技术研究与推广 5 第二章 中国西部天然草地疯草种类及分布 8 第一节 疯草的概念 8 第二节 西部天然草地疯草类有毒植物 8 第三节 青藏区主要疯草种类及分布 10 一、主要疯草种类及分布 10 二、疯草空间分布格局 11 三、西藏草地主要疯草种类及分布 13 四、青海疯草种类及分布 14 第四节 蒙新区主要疯草种类及分布 16 一、内蒙古疯草种类及分布 16 二、甘肃疯草种类及分布 16 三、新疆疯草种类及分布 17 第三章 疯草遥感监测技术 18 第一节 疯草GPS信息定位与光谱特征 18 一、疯草GPS信息定位 18 二、疯草光谱特征 18 第二节 阿里地区疯草遥感监测 24 一、监测区地理位置 24 二、监测步骤 24 三、监测区相关数据的收集与处理 25 四、小结 33 第三节 西藏疯草资源管理系统 34 一、疯草资源管理系统构建 34 二、疯草资源管理系统功能 34 第四章 主要疯草形态学与生物学特性 36 第一节 主要棘豆的形态特征 36 一、冰川棘豆Oxytropis proboscidea 36 二、甘肃棘豆Oxytropis kansuensis 37 三、黄花棘豆Oxytropis ochrocephala 38 四、小花棘豆Oxytropis glabra 40 五、毛瓣棘豆Oxytropis sericopetala 40 六、镰形棘豆Oxytropis falcata 43 七、宽苞棘豆Oxytropis latibracteata 44 八、急弯棘豆Oxytropis deflexa 44 九、硬毛棘豆Oxytropis fetissovii 46 十、瘤果棘豆（小叶棘豆）Oxytropis micropthlla 47 十一、二花棘豆Oxytropis biflora 49 十二、灰叶棘豆Oxytropis cinerascens 49 十三、铺地棘豆Oxytropis humifusa 50 十四、绢毛棘豆Oxytropis tatarica 51 十五、轮叶棘豆Oxytropis chiliophylla 51 十六、密丛棘豆Oxytropis densa 51 十七、黑萼棘豆Oxytropis melanocalyx 52 第二节 主要黄耆的形态特征 54 一、茎直黄耆（劲直黄耆）Astragalus strictus 54 二、西藏黄耆Astragalus tibetanus 54 三、丛生黄耆Astragalus confertus 55 四、变异黄耆Astragalus variabilis 55 五、坚硬黄耆Astragalus rigidulus 55 六、直立黄耆Astragalus absurgens 56 第三节 疯草生物学共性 57 第五章 疯草成灾机制及危害 58 第一节 疯草成灾机制 58 一、与惜杀惜售、超载过牧的关系 58 二、与气候变暖、干旱的关系 58 三、与早春温度回升的关系 58 四、与海拔的关系 58 五、与畜种及年龄的关系 59 第二节 疯草、家畜、环境三者相互关系 59 一、家畜采食疯草的原因 59 二、牛、羊与疯草之间的关系 59 三、三者之间的关系 60 第三节 疯草的危害 60 一、疯草对草地畜牧业的危害 60 二、疯草对家畜机体的影响 64 第六章 疯草营养成分和苦马豆素含量动态变化规律 70 第一节 疯草营养成分 70 一、西藏主要疯草冰川棘豆的营养成分 70 二、西藏天然草地三种主要疯草不同物候期营养成分的比较 70 三、青海黄花棘豆不同生长期的主要营养成分 75 第二节 疯草中苦马豆素含量动态变化规律 77 第七章 疯草“五利一害”的经济意义 85 第一节 疯草“五利” 85 一、去毒加工可作为饲草料 85 二、生态卫士 85 三、牧草的贮存库 86 四、重要的药用植物 86 五、重要天敌昆虫芫菁的寄主 87 第二节 疯草“一害” 87 第八章 疯草的利用 88 第一节 疯草饲料化利用 88 一、冰川棘豆和燕麦草混合青贮去毒加工利用技术 88 二、黄花棘豆青贮去毒加工利用技术 90 三、浸泡或加酸去毒加工利用技术 101 四、颗粒饲料加工利用技术 101 第二节 疯草药用资源开发 103 第三节 苦马豆素药理活性研究 106 一、苦马豆素体外抗肿瘤作用 106 二、苦马豆素的抑瘤和免疫增强作用 110 三、苦马豆素抗牛病毒性腹泻病毒作用 114 第四节 疯草活性物质苦马豆素的提取 123 一、茎直黄耆中苦马豆素的微波辅助提取工艺 123 二、茎直黄耆中苦马豆素的酶法提取工艺 124 三、甘肃棘豆中苦马豆素的提取分离工艺 128 四、毛瓣棘豆中苦马豆素的提取分离工艺 131 五、绿僵菌发酵提纯苦马豆素的工艺研究 133 第五节 苦马豆素的来源、药理作用及检测方法研究进展 135 一、苦马豆素的来源 135 二、苦马豆素的药理作用 140 三、苦马豆素的检测方法 142 第九章 家畜疯草中毒防治新药 144 第一节 家畜疯草中毒机制与药物解毒原理 144 一、家畜疯草中毒机制 144 二、药物解毒原理 144 第二节 “棘防E 号”的研制及药效试验 145 一、“棘防E 号”的药效试验 145 二、“棘防E 号”的安全性评价及药代动力学研究 146 第三节 疯草灵解毒缓释丸的研制及药效试验 151 一、组方 151 二、疯草灵解毒缓释丸的药效试验 151 三、疯草灵解毒缓释丸的使用方法 156 四、疯草灵解毒缓释丸的质量标准 156 第四节 当芪参胡锭的研制及药效试验 158 一、组方 158 二、预防剂（当芪参胡锭）的药效试验 158 三、预防剂（当芪参胡锭）的毒性试验 160 四、预防剂（当芪参胡锭）的药代动力学试验 163 五、预防剂（当芪参胡锭）的稳定性 169 六、预防剂（当芪参胡锭）中试生产 170 七、当芪参胡锭质量标准草案制定 172 第五节 速康解毒口服溶液的研制及药效试验 173 一、组方 173 二、治疗剂（速康解毒口服溶液）的药效试验 173 三、疯草人工中毒解毒家兔病理模型的建立及病理学观察 185 四、治疗剂（速康解毒口服溶液）的毒性试验 189 五、治疗剂（速康解毒口服溶液）的药代动力学试验 195 六、治疗剂（速康解毒口服溶液）的稳定性 201 七、治疗剂（速康解毒口服溶液）中试生产 205 第六节 防治动物疯草中毒营养舔砖的研制 207 一、组方 207 二、营养舔砖中试生产 208 三、营养舔砖质量标准草案制定 209 第十章 天然草地羊疯草中毒病诊断标准 216 一、流行病学诊断 216 二、临床诊断 216 三、实验室诊断 217 四、鉴别诊断 217 五、血清-甘露糖苷酶（-AMA）活性比色测定法 218 第十一章 疯草综合防治与利用——“三·五”技术体系 220 第一节 疯草五项利用技术 220 一、疯草的饲料化利用 220 二、牧草贮存库 220 三、中药药材 221 四、芫菁寄主 221 五、荒漠化草原重要植被 221 第二节 疯草中毒五项防治技术 222 一、自然康复 222 二、生态康复 222 三、药物治疗 222 四、药物预防 223 五、科学放牧 224 第三节 疯草猖獗发生五项控制技术 225 一、以虫治草 225 二、以草治草 226 三、以畜治草 226 四、物理防控 226 五、化学防控 226 第十二章 疯草中毒家畜肉产品质量安全性评价 228 第一节 疯草自然中毒羊组织中苦马豆素的含量检测 228 一、材料 228 二、方法 228 三、结果 229 四、小结 230 第二节 疯草自然中毒牲畜肌肉组织中苦马豆素的去毒处理 230 一、材料 230 二、方法 230 三、结果 231 四、小结 231 第三节 疯草慢性中毒绵羊组织中苦马豆素的清除 232 一、材料与方法 232 二、结果 232 三、小结 234 四、结论 236 附件 237 主要参考文献 244 图版 Contents Chapter 1 Brief History of Locoweed Research 1 1. Locoweed Research in Foreign Countries 1 1.1 Discovery of the Toxicity of Locoweed 1 1.2 Confirmation of the Toxicity of Locoweed 2 1.3 Toxicity Research on Swainonine 3 1.4 Research on the Toxic Mechanism of Swainonine 3 2. Locoweed Research in China 4 2.1 Discovery of Poisonous Plants Like Locoweed 4 2.2 Toxicology Research on Locoweed 4 2.3 Study and Promotion of Technologies to Control Locoism among Livestock 5 Chapter 2 Species and Distribution of Natural Grassland Locoweed in Western China 8 1. Conception of Locoweed 8 2. Poisonous Plants just like Locoweed of Natural Grassland in Western China 8 3. Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Qinghai - Tibet Area 10 3.1 Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Qinghai - Tibet Area 10 3.2 Spatial Distribution Pattern of Locoweed in Qinghai - Tibet Area 11 3.3 Species and Distribution of Main Locoweeds in Tibet 13 3.4 Species and Distribution of Locoweeds in Qinghai Province 14 4. Species and Distribution of Main Locoweeds in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Area 16 4.1 Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Inner Mongolia 16 4.2 Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Gansu Province 16 4.3 Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Xinjiang 17 Chapter 3 Locoweed Remote Sensing and Monitoring Technology 18 1.GPS Information Positioning and Spectral Characteristics of Locoweed 18 1.1 GPS Information Positioning of Locoweed 18 1.2 Spectral Characteristics of Locoweed 18 2. Remote Sensing and Monitoring of Locoweed in Ngari Prefecture 24 2.1 Location of Monitoring Area 24 2.2 Monitoring Steps 24 2.3 Data Collecting and Process in Monitoring Area 25 2.4 Summary 33 3. Management System of Locoweed Resources in Tibet 34 3.1 Establishment of the Management System of Locoweed Resources 34 3.2 Function of the Management System of Locoweed Resources 34 Chapter 4 Morphological and Biological Characteristics of Main Locoweeds 36 1. Morphological Characteristics of Main Oxytropis 36 1.1 Oxytropis proboscidea 36 1.2 Oxytropis kansuensis 37 1.3 Oxytropis ochrocephala 38 1.4 Oxytropis glabra 40 1.5 Oxytropis sericopetala 40 1.6 Oxytropis falcata 43 1.7 Oxytropis latibracteata 44 1.8 Oxytropis deflexa 44 1.9 Oxytropis fetissovii 46 1.10 Oxytropis micropthlla 47 1.11 Oxytropis biflora 49 1.12 Oxytropis cinerascens 49 1.13 Oxytropis humifusa 50 1.14 Oxytropis tatarica 51 1.15 Oxytropis chiliophylla 51 1.16 Oxytropis densa 51 1.17 Oxytropis melanocalyx 52 2. Morphological Characteristics of Main Astragalus 54 2.1 Astragalus strictus 54 2.2 Astragalus tibetanus 54 2.3 Astragalus confertus 55 2.4 Astragalus variabilis 55 2.5 Astragalus rigidulus 55 2.6 Astragalus absurgens 56 3. Common Biological Features of Locoweeds 57 Chapter 5 Mechanisms and Harms of Locoweed Rampancy 58 1. Mechanisms of Locoweed Rampancy 58 1.1 Reluctant Killing and Selling and Overloaded Pasture 58 1.2 Global Warming and Drought 58 1.3 Temperature Rises in Early Spring 58 1.4 Altitude 58 1.5 Species and Age of Livestock 59 2. Interrelationships among Locoweed, Livestock, and Environment 59 2.1 Reasons of Livestock’s Eating Locoweed 59 2.2 Relations between Livestock and Locoweed 59 2.3 Interrelationships among Locoweed, Livestock, and Environment 60 3. Harms of Locoweed 60 3.1 Harms to Grassland Animal Husbandry 60 3.2 Harms to Livestock Body 64 Chapter 6 Nutrient Ingredients of Locoweed and Dynamic Change Laws of Swainonine 70 1. Nutrient Ingredients of Locoweed 70 1.1 Nutrient Ingredients of Oxytropis proboscidea–Main Locoweed in Tibet 70 1.2 Comparisons between Nutrient Ingredients of Three Main Locoweeds in Tibet in Different Phenological periods 70 1.3 Main Nutrient Ingredients of Oxytropis ochrocephala in Qinghai Province in Different Periods of Growth 75 2. Dynamic Change Laws of Swainonine in Locoweed 77 Chapter 7 Economic Significance of the “Five Benefits and One Harm” of Locoweed 85 1. “Five Benefits” of Locoweed 85 1.1 Forage after Detoxification 85 1.2 Ecological Guards 85 1.3 Repository of Forage Grass 86 1.4 Significant Medicinal Plants 86 1.5 Host of Blister Beetle 87 2. “One Harm” of Locoweed 87 Chapter 8 Utilization of Locoweed 88 1. Use of Locoweed as Forage 88 1.1 Processing and Utilization Technology of Oxytropis proboscidea after Detoxification Process by Making It into Silage with Oat Grass 88 1.2 Processing and Utilization Technology of Oxytropis ochrocephala after Detoxification Process by Making It into Silage 90 1.3 Utilization and Detoxification Technologies of Soaking or Adding Acid 101 1.4 Processing and Utilization Technologies of Pallet Feed 101 2. Development of Medicinal Resources of Locoweed 103 3. Research on Pharmacological Activity of Swainonine 106 3.1 External Anti-tumor Effect of Swainonine 106 3.2 Tumor-inhibition and Immunity Enhancement Effects of Swainonine 110 3.3 Effects of Swainonine against Diarrhea Virus among Cattle 114 4. Extraction of Swainonine from Locoweed 123 4.1 Microwave Assisted Extraction Process of Swainonine from Astragalus strictus 123 4.2 Enzymatic Extraction Process of Swainonine from Astragalus strictus 124 4.3 Extraction and Separation Processes of Swainonine from Oxytropis kansuensis 128 4.4 Extraction and Separation Processes of Swainonine from Oxytropis sericopetala 131 4.5 Research on Purification Process of Swainonine by Metarhizium anisopliae Fermentation 133 5. Research Progress of the Origin, Pharmacological Effects, and Detection 135 5.1 Source of the Swainonine 135 5.2 Pharmacological Action of the Swainonine 140 5.3 Detection Method of the Swainonine 142 Chapter 9 New Medicine on Locoism 144 1. Mechanism of Locoism among Livestock and Drug Detoxification Principle 144 1.1 Mechanism of Locoism among Livestock 144 1.2 Drug Detoxification Principle 144 2. Development of “Jifang E” and Its Efficacy Tests 145 2.1 Efficacy Tests of “Jifang E” 145 2.2 Safety Evaluation of “Jifang E” and Its Pharmacokinetics Research 146 3. Development of “Fengcaoling Detoxification Slow Release Pill” and Its Efficacy Tests 151 3.1 Medicinal Formula 151 3.2 Efficacy Tests of “Fengcaoling Detoxification Slow Release Pill” 151 3.3 Instructions of “Fengcaoling Detoxification Slow Release Pill” 156 3.4 Quality Standards of “Fengcaoling Detoxification Slow Release Pill” 156 4. Development of “Dangqishenhu Pill” and Its Efficacy Tests 158 4.1 Medicinal Formula 158 4.2 Efficacy Tests of Prophylactic“Dangqishenhu Pill” 158 4.3 Toxicity Tests of Prophylactic“Dangqishenhu Pill” 160 4.4 Pharmacokinetics Tests of Prophylactic “Dangqishenhu Pill” 163 4.5 Stability of Prophylactic“Dangqishenhu Pill” 169 4.6 Pilot Production of Prophylactic“Dangqishenhu Pill” 170 4.7 Produce a Draft for Quality Standards of“Dangqishenhu Pill” 172 5. Development of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” and Its Efficacy Tests 173 5.1 Medicinal Formula 173 5.2 Efficacy Tests of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” 173 5.3 Establishment of Rabbit Pathology Model with Manual Operations of Locoweed Poisoning and Detoxification and Its Pathology Observation 185 5.4 Toxicity Tests of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” 189 5.5 Pharmacokinetics Tests of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” on Test Rats 195 5.6 Stability of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” 201 5.7 Pilot production of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” 205 6. Development of Nutrition Lick Brick that Controls Animal Locoism 207 6.1 Medicinal Formula 207 6.2 Pilot Production of Nutrition Lick Brick 208 6.3 Quality Standards of Nutrition Lick Brick 209 Chapter 10 Diagnostic Criteria of Locoism among Sheep in Natural Grassland 216 1.1 Epidemiological Diagnosis 216 1.2 Clinical Diagnosis 216 1.3 Laboratory Diagnosis 217 1.4 Differential Diagnosis 217 1.5 Colorietry under Activity of α-AMA of Surum 218 Chapter 11 Comprehensive Control and Utilization of Locoweed—“Three·Five” Technology System 220 1. Five Techniques to Make Use of Locoweed 220 1.1 Feeding Utilization of Locoweed 220 1.2 Pasture Repository 220 1.3 Chinese Herbal Medicine 221 1.4 Host of Blister Beetles 221 1.5 Important Vegetation in Desertified Grassland 221 2. Five Ways to Prevent and Cure Locoism 222 2.1 Natural Rehabilitation 222 2.2 Ecological Rehabilitation 222 2.3 Medical Treatment 222 2.4 Drug Prevention 223 2.5 Scientific Grazing 224 3. Five Methods to Control Locoweed Rampancy 225 3.1 Locoweed Rampancy Control with Insects 225 3.2 Locoweed Rampancy Control with Grass 226 3.3 Locoweed Rampancy Control with Livestock 226 3.4 Physical Control 226 3.5 Chemical Control 226 Chapter 12 Safety Evaluation of Livestock Meat with Locoism 228 1. Swainonine Content Detection of Sheep Tissue with Locoism 228 1.1 Material 228 1.2 Method 228 1.3 Results 229 1.4 Summary 230 2. Swainonine Detoxification Processing of Livestock Muscle Tissue with Locoism 230 2.1 Material 230 2.2 Method 230 2.3 Results 231 2.4 Summary 231 3. Swainonine Elimination of Sheep Tissue with Chronic Locoism 232 3.1 Material and Method 232 3.2 Results 232 3.3 Summary 234 3.4 Conclusion 236 Appendix 237 References 244 Plates
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