生态养殖指的是家畜与环境的关系，包括家畜与其他生物（如植物、微生物、媒介生物）的关系和家畜与生存环境（自然环境、人工环境和社会环境）的关系。研究生态养殖，就是研究家畜与其生存环境相互影响、相互作用、协同发展的关系。养殖生态研究主要包括三个层次：一是家畜个体生态研究，主要是研究不同畜禽个体与其环境条件或资源的相互关系、相互作用；二是家畜群体生态研究，主要是研究一定区域内的家畜种群与其生活环境中的植物、动物和微生物种群的相互关系；三是家畜生态系统研究，主要是研究一定空间内栖居着的包括家畜在内的所有生物（即生物群落）与其环境之间的相互关系。家畜生态现象与客观规律随家畜养殖的出现而出现，发展而发展。养殖生态研究，是一个动态过程和发展过程。家畜生产引发的环境生态问题越来越成为社会关注的焦点、热点问题，要坚持运用生态学、系统学理论，按照家畜生产和环境保护协调发展的基本规律发展家畜生产，这便是养殖生态需要关注和研究的课题。
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第 1 章 绪论 ··································································································· 1
1.1 畜禽生态概述 ···················································································· 1
1.2 畜禽生态问题 ···················································································· 3
1.3 畜禽生态的研究内容 ·········································································· 4
1.4 畜禽生态研究的主要任务 ··································································· 6
1.5 畜禽生态发展的方向与目标 ······························································· 9
第 2 章 畜禽的生态营养 ················································································ 10
2.1 生态营养学的提出 ··········································································· 10
2.2 无抗替代技术的研究现状 ·································································· 11
2.2.1 大豆异黄酮 ················································································ 12
2.2.2 植物精油 ··················································································· 16
2.2.3 有机酸 ······················································································ 20
2.2.4 萜类化合物 ················································································ 24
2.2.5 抗菌肽 ······················································································ 29
2.3 饲料原料发酵技术的研究现状 ·························································· 37
2.3.1 发酵饲料 ··················································································· 37
2.3.2 饲用酶制剂 ················································································ 49
2.3.3 菌酶协同发酵饲料 ······································································· 57
2.4 饲料配方优化技术的研究现状 ·························································· 61
2.4.1 精准营养 ··················································································· 61
2.4.2 功能性氨基酸 ············································································· 64
2.4.3 微量元素 ··················································································· 72
vi 生态养殖研究与展望
第 3 章 畜禽行为、动物福利和生物安全 ······················································· 78
3.1 畜禽行为 ························································································· 78
3.1.1 采食和排泄 ················································································ 78
3.1.2 社会行为 ··················································································· 81
3.1.3 母性行为 ··················································································· 82
3.1.4 其他行为 ··················································································· 83
3.2 动物福利 ························································································· 85
3.2.1 概述 ························································································· 85
3.2.2 养殖福利 ··················································································· 89
3.2.3 运输和屠宰福利 ·········································································· 92
3.3 生物安全 ························································································· 97
第 4 章 养殖微生态系统控制 ········································································ 102
4.1 畜禽微生态概念、组织和动力学 ····················································· 102
4.1.1 畜禽微生态的概念 ······································································ 102
4.1.2 畜禽微生态的发展历史 ································································ 103
4.1.3 畜禽微生态空间及组织 ································································ 106
4.1.4 畜禽微生态动力学 ······································································ 109
4.2 畜禽微生态制剂 ·············································································· 113
4.2.1 微生态制剂的概念 ······································································ 114
4.2.2 畜禽微生态制剂的作用机理 ·························································· 114
4.2.3 微生态制剂的种类 ······································································ 117
4.2.4 微生态制剂的应用及使用现状 ······················································· 122
4.3 畜禽微生态制剂的工业生产 ···························································· 129
4.3.1 益生菌的生产工艺 ······································································ 129
4.3.2 益生元的生产工艺 ······································································ 140
4.3.3 合生元的生产工艺 ······································································ 154
第 5 章 病死畜禽无害化处理 ········································································ 159
5.1 概述 ······························································································· 159
5.1.1 畜牧业发展概况 ········································································· 159
目 录 vii
5.1.2 病死畜禽无害化处理背景 ····························································· 162
5.1.3 病死畜禽无害化处理原则 ····························································· 163
5.1.4 病死畜禽无害化处理现状 ······················································
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