本书主要特点与创新之处包括：（1）探讨了英汉语言结构与功能差异背后的深层原因（如造成英汉语亲属称谓繁简之别以及英汉语语篇结构差异的社会历史与文化心理因素等）；（2）从理论与实践两方面阐明了英汉语言研究中的许多重要问题（如英语主语突出与汉语话题突出这两种迥然不同的信息结构、诗歌翻译归化与外化的语言学依据等）；（3）国内已有的相关研究集中于语音、音位、词汇和语法层次上的对比分析，对翻译、外语写作和外语交际特别重要的篇章和语用对比方面的研究相当缺少，本书针对此情况做了比较多的填空补缺工作（如对英汉语篇章结构上的差异与中国学生英语写作与英汉互译问题之间的关系的研究、对不同语言会话结构方面的语用特点与跨文化交往中沟通与对谈的技巧之间的关系的讨论等）；（4）强调结构与生成的概念，自始至终贯穿着现代科学的分析精神与方法；（5）在句法和语义对比基础的讨论中，作者引入了符号学概念，在国内同类型著作中属于首创.
本书从形式与功能两方面系统探讨了英语和汉语等语言在语音、音位、词汇、语法、语篇和语用层次上具有的重要差异，以及这些差异对于翻译理论、普通语言学、英语写作、外语教学法、双语词典编篡、跨文化交际等领域内的研究与实践具有的直接或间接启示。本书主要创新之处包括：从理论与实践两方面分析阐明了英汉语言研究中的许多重要问题，并对英汉语言结构与功能差异背后的深层原因进行了探究；用符号学方法对句法和语义对比的理论基础进行了系统研究；在对语言翻译、外语写作和口头交际特别重要的语篇和语用对比分析方面做了较多的填空补缺工作。本书是国内第一部用英文撰写的语言共时对比研究著作，对于语言学、翻译学和外语教学等领域内的理论研究而言是一本材料翔实、观点与方法独到的专著，对于高等院校英、汉语言相关专业研究生的课程学习亦是一本有价值的参考书。
南京大学教授，博士生导师，江苏省译协理事，中国翻译协会专家会员，中国英汉语比较研究会理事。1987-1990年间任教于北京大学英语系，曾获北京大学"优秀青年学者奖"二等奖。
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES9PREFACE11CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION11.1What is Contrastive Linguistics?11.1.1The Name and Nature of Contrastive Linguistics21.1.1.1Linguistics21.1.1.2Contrastive Linguistics (Contrastive Analysis)41.1.2Micro-Contrastive Linguistics and Macro-Contrastive Linguistics101.2Why Contrastive Linguistics?111.2.1The Theoretical Need for Contrastive Linguistics121.2.2The Practical Need for Contrastive Linguistics131.3The History and Development of Contrastive Linguistics18Questions for Discussion and Research26CHAPTER 2 THE PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS282.1Basic Assumptions and Hypotheses Underlying Contrastive Analysis (CA)282.1.1The Psychological Basis of Contrastive Analysis: Transfer292.1.2The Strong and Weak Versions of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis302.1.3The Predictive Power of Contrastive Analysis312.2Theoretical Contrastive Analysis and Applied Contrastive Analysis322.3Criteria for Comparison372.3.1The Surface Structure (SS)382.3.2The Deep Structure (DS)402.3.3Translation Equivalence442.4Procedures of Contrastive Analysis49Questions for Discussion and Research50CHAPTER 3 PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS523.1Phonetics and Phonology523.2Contrastive Phonetics543.2.1Articulatory Phonetics543.2.1.1Vocal organs (articulators) and the dynamics of voice production543.2.1.2The modulation of speech sounds583.2.2Acoustic Phonetics603.2.2.1Frequency603.2.2.2Amplitude of vibration613.2.2.3Timbre613.2.3Auditory Phonetics623.3Contrastive Phonology653.3.1Phonological Contrastive Analysis653.3.1.1The functional statuses of comparable speech sounds in different languages653.3.1.2Pronunciation problems caused by phonemic asymmetries and by allophonic differences663.3.1.3The functional loads of comparable phonological contrasts in different languages673.3.2Two Phonological Models683.3.2.1The taxonomic or structural phonology683.3.2.2Generative phonology693.4Suprasegmental Contrastive Analysis713.4.1The Contrastive Analysis of Pitch723.4.1.1Tone723.4.1.2Intonation733.4.2The Contrastive Analysis of Juncture75Questions for Discussion and Research76CHAPTER 4 LEXICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS784.1Contrastive Lexical Morphology794.1.1Lexical/Derivational Morphology and Inflectional Morphology794.1.2Morpheme804.1.2.1Free morpheme804.1.2.2Bound morpheme804.1.2.2.1 Affix804.1.2.2.2 Combining form814.1.2.3Stem (base morpheme) and root814.1.3A Comparison of the Makeup of English and Chinese Word Stock824.2Contrastive Lexical Semantics844.2.1The Motivation (Internal Form) of Words854.2.1.1Phonetic motivation864.2.1.2Graphemic motivation864.2.1.3Morphological motivation874.2.1.4Semantic motivation874.2.1.5A contrastive analysis of the morphological motivation of English, German, and Chinese words874.2.2Sense Relationships914.2.2.1Syntagmatic semantic relationship: Collocation924.2.2.2Paradigmatic semantic relationships944.2.2.2.1 Synonymy944.2.2.2.2 Antonymy954.2.2.2.3 Hyponymy964.2.2.2.4 Incompatibility984.2.2.3Lexical fields and lexical gaps984.2.3Semantic Features1034.3Three Active Areas1074.3.1Anthropology1084.3.2Translation1144.3.3Bilingual Lexicography118Questions for Discussion and Research119CHAPTER 5 GRAMMATICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS1225.1The Concept of Grammar1225.2The Contrastive Analysis of Inflectional Morphology1245.2.1Grammatical Categories1265.2.1.1Aspect1265.2.1.2Case1285.2.1.3Gender1295.2.1.4Mood1295.2.1.5Number1295.2.1.6Person1305.2.1.7Tense1305.2.1.8Voice1305.2.2A Contrastive Study of the Chinese and English Case Systems1315.3Syntactic Contrastive Analysis1355.3.1The Structural Approach (Surface-structure Contrasts)1355.3.2The Weaknesses of the Structural Approach1395.3.3The Generative Approaches1405.3.3.1The Transformational Grammarian approach (For deep-structure contrasts)1415.3.3.2The Case Grammarian approach (For deeper-structure contrasts)147Questions for Discussion and Research154CHAPTER 6 TEXTUAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS1566.1Text and Discourse1586.2The Defining Characteristics of the Text1596.3The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Cohesion1626.3.1Semantic Cohesion1646.3.1.1Reference1646.3.1.2Substitution1676.3.1.3Ellipsis1686.3.1.4Conjunction1706.3.1.5Lexical relationships ("lexical cohesion")1746.3.2Structural Cohesion1756.3.2.1Parallelism1756.3.2.2Comparison1806.3.2.3Information structure1806.3.2.3.1 Theme and Rheme1816.3.2.3.2 Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)1826.3.2.3.3 Topic and Comment1836.3.3Different Languages Preferring Different Cohesive Devices1926.4The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Coherence192Questions for Discussion and Research200CHAPTER 7 PRAGMATIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS2037.1Speech Act Theory2037.1.1Speech Acts2047.1.1.1Performatives and constatives2047.1.1.2Three kinds of speech acts2047.1.1.3Five basic types of illocutionary acts2057.1.2Felicity Conditions2067.2Conversational Interaction2077.2.1The Structural Components of Conversation2087.2.1.1Openings2087.2.1.2The maintaining of a conversation2107.2.1.3Closings2157.2.2Principles of Conversational Organization2177.2.2.1The Cooperative Principle (Be Clear)2177.2.2.1.1 Conversational maxims2177.2.2.1.2 Conversational implicature2187.2.2.2The Rules of Politeness (Be Polite)2217.2.2.2.1 Rule 1: Don't impose on your hearer2217.2.2.2.2 Rule 2: Give the hearer options2237.2.2.2.3 Rule 3: Make the hearer feel good: Be friendly223Questions for Discussion and Research225REFERENCES227INDEX235
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